As a high-performance abrasive material, diamond abrasive powder shows broad application potential in precision manufacturing, optical processing, jewelry polishing, and other fields due to its unique physical and chemical properties. This article classifies diamond abrasives from the perspectives of crystal form and morphology and deeply explores their formation process, characteristics, and main applications.
Single Crystal Diamond
Single crystal diamond is a crystal formed by covalent bonds with saturation and directionality, with its internal particles arranged regularly in three-dimensional space. This structure provides single crystal diamond with extremely high hardness and excellent thermal conductivity, making it the preferred material in the fields of precision grinding and polishing. Single crystal diamond is mainly synthesized from graphite and catalyst under high temperature and high pressure conditions.
Polycrystalline Diamond
Polycrystalline diamond is formed by numerous fine nano-sized particles bonded through unsaturated bonds, forming a structure similar to natural polycrystalline diamond. Compared with single crystal diamond, polycrystalline diamond has higher toughness and crack resistance, suitable for grinding tasks that withstand greater cutting forces and pressure changes. Polycrystalline diamond is usually synthesized by explosion method, converting graphite into polycrystalline diamond using shock waves of high temperature and high pressure.
Quasi-Polycrystalline Diamond
Quasi-polycrystalline diamond uses single crystal diamond as a raw material and forms a honeycomb porous structure through surface etching treatment to achieve a polishing effect similar to polycrystalline diamond. This material combines the hardness of single crystal diamond and the toughness of polycrystalline diamond, suitable for precision grinding and polishing of various materials.
Spherical Diamond
Spherical diamond abrasive powder particles are spherical or nearly spherical, making it less likely to produce scratches and damage during grinding, suitable for workpieces with high surface quality requirements. Spherical diamond is mainly obtained through special synthesis and processing technologies.
Flake Diamond
Flake diamond abrasive powder particles are flake-like or plate-like, with high grinding efficiency and cutting ability. This morphology of diamond is suitable for removing harder layers or excess material on the workpiece surface, speeding up the grinding process.
Irregular Shape Diamond
Irregular shape diamond abrasive powder particles come in various shapes, possibly block-like, needle-like, or other shapes. This morphology of diamond has high flexibility and adaptability, suitable for various grinding and polishing tasks.
High hardness: Diamond is one of the hardest known materials, with a Mohs hardness of 10 and a microhardness of more than 10000 kgf/mm². This gives diamond abrasive powders a significant advantage in grinding high-hardness materials.
Excellent wear resistance: The high hardness of diamond means it has good wear resistance, capable of maintaining stable grinding effects for a long time, reducing abrasive consumption.
Good thermal conductivity: Diamond has a high thermal conductivity, helping to dissipate heat during grinding, preventing workpieces from deforming or being damaged due to overheating.
Controllable particle size and morphology: The particle size and morphology of diamond abrasive powders can be precisely controlled according to needs, meeting different grinding and polishing process requirements.
Cemented Carbide Processing
Diamond abrasive powders play a key role in the processing of cemented carbide materials. Cemented carbide is mainly composed of tungsten carbide (WC) and may add other carbides, such as cobalt (Co) and titanium carbide (TiC), forming different types of cemented carbide. Common types of cemented carbide include tungsten-cobalt (e.g., YG series), tungsten-titanium-cobalt (e.g., YT series), and tungsten-titanium-tantalum (niobium).
Optical Processing
In the processing of optical components such as optical lenses and prisms, diamond abrasive powders are used to remove surface defects and improve smoothness. Nano diamond, with its small particle size and high controllability, becomes an ideal material for achieving ultra-low roughness and high optical quality surfaces.
Jewelry Polishing
Diamond abrasive powders are widely used in jewelry polishing to remove scratches, pits, and other defects on the surface of gemstones, improving gloss and transparency. Different types of diamond abrasives can be selected according to the hardness and material of the gemstones to achieve the best polishing effect.
Other Fields
Diamond abrasive powders are also used in grinding and polishing ceramics, glass, plastics, and in manufacturing geological drill bits, cutting tools, and other fields. Its wide range of applications benefit from the high hardness, excellent wear resistance, and good thermal conductivity of diamond abrasive powders.
In summary, diamond abrasive powders demonstrate great application potential in precision manufacturing, optical processing, jewelry polishing, and other fields due to their unique physical and chemical properties and wide application range. With the development of modern industry and science and technology, diamond abrasive powders will continue to play an important role in more fields.
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